Copies
of these General Articles and Nomenclatural
Notes can be obtained free of charge
from the Executive Secretary, The International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
c/o The Natural History Museum, Cromwell
Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. (e-mail: iczn@nhm.ac.uk).
General Article
The
dating of names proposed in the first
Supplement to Thomas Jerdon’s Catalogue
of the birds of the peninsula of India
Edward C. Dickinson
c/o The Trust for Oriental
Ornithology, Flat 3, Bolsover Court, 19
Bolsover Road, Eastbourne BN20 7JG, U.K.
Murray Bruce
P.O. Box 180, Turramurra, New South
Wales, 2074 Australia
Steven Gregory
35 Monarch Road, Northampton NN2
6EH, U.K.
Alan P. Peterson
P.O. Box 1999, Walla Walla, Washington,
WA 99362-0999, U.S.A.
Aasheesh Pittie
8-2-545 ‘Prem Parvat’,
Road No. 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad
500 034, India
Abstract. Thirteen
taxa thought by Jerdon to be new species
were named in the first Supplement to Thomas
Jerdon’s Catalogue of the birds
of the peninsula of India. The name
of one of those thirteen, not now in synonymy,
is usually dated as 1841. The others have
virtually everywhere been dated 1844, at
least since their listing by Baker in The
fauna of British India including Ceylon
and Burma - Birds (1930). The purpose
of this paper is to explain how this has
come about and to recommend that the earlier
of the two dates (1841) be used consistently
when any of these thirteen names is used.
Our study has shown that, despite claims
to the contrary, Jerdon did pre-print his
Supplement; he did so in the form of a
book, which appears to have been published
in two parts.
The Madras Journal
of Literature &
Science
Jerdon’s ‘Catalogue’ (Jerdon,
1839a, b, 1840a, b, c, d), his first major
work on Indian birds, appeared in six successive
issues of the Madras Journal of Literature
& Science in 1839 and 1840:
in issues 24 and 25 from the 1839 volume
and in issues 26 to 29, these four issues
making up the two 1840 volumes.
There were eventually two supplements
to Jerdon’s ‘Catalogue’.
Both appeared in the Madras Journal
of Literature & Science, the first
in 1844 (Jerdon, 1844) and the second (Jerdon,
1845) in a further issue of the same journal
that is shown from the title page to Volume
XIII to have been delayed until 1845. These
two are respectively issues 30 and 31 of
the journal.
The long delay between issue 29 and
issue 30 is known to have been due to budget
problems (see Anonymous, 1844). When the
first supplement eventually appeared in
1844, the editors inserted a brief introductory
note reading: ‘In consequence of
the suspension of the Journal, this article
was printed by the author and circulated
among his friends – but has never
hitherto been published’. To make
space for this insert the first species
account was evidently reset in smaller
type: from which we deduce that the type
for the journal article must have been
set earlier, no doubt prior to 18 August
1841, when the decision was taken to suspend
publication (Anon., 1844).
It is on the basis of the recorded
date of issue 30 of the journal that authors
citing new names from there have generally
used the date 1844, and presumably the
above editorial note has caused people
to reject the idea of prior publication.
Why not accept
1844? Did Jerdon pre-publish his Supplement?
Were it not for the fact that imposing
the date 1844 on the one obvious case that
is dated 1841 would invalidate the Jerdon
name in question, this would be the obvious
course to take. For, as we explain below,
this name is then preoccupied by a different
specific name put forward by Blyth (1842c,
p. 602).
Early in our study the central question
that emerged was whether and how the information ‘printed
by the author and circulated among his
friends’ might relate to the provisions
of the Code. Was there a ‘preprint’?
The Code validates names that are to be
found in preprints, but it requires that
such preprints be dated (Article 21.8).
Or was it the advance distribution of a
separate? Again, but only for names proposed
in 1999 or earlier, the advance distribution
of a separate can advance the date of publication
(Article 21.8). Or is there some other
answer?
Evidence of prior
availability
To resolve our questions we needed
evidence. The first clue was that Blyth
(1842b) in a footnote to page 162 of the Journal
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal recorded
that ‘Since the above was written,
Mr. Jerdon has kindly favored me with a
copy of the printed Supplement to his valuable
Catalogue . . .’. This suggests a
preprint, but Blyth gave no precise date
and the date of his footnote is uncertain.
The numbered issues in this volume
were Nos. 121-132. The paper by Blyth (1842b)
is from the nominal February issue; Blyth’s
footnote could have been written as early
as ‘Feb. 26th. 1842’, a date
which appears at the end of his article
on p. 195, or it could have been added
somewhat later but still before the final
manuscript went to the printers. No. 129,
which was that for September, contained
on page 890 a Blyth footnote dated 20 January
1843. Here, at least, the evidence shows
a four-month delay. One may conclude that
the footnote to the February issue would
have appeared no later than May or June
1842. Next, we noted that the date 1841
was routinely cited by Gray (1848a, b,
c). And we found that Gray cited page numbers
for the relevant Jerdon names that he listed
(see Table 1); page numbers that did not
accord with the 1844 Supplement.
The nature of
the evidence: the through-paginated book
Enquiries about a pre-print were
made of the librarians at The Natural History
Museum, but these yielded no immediate
evidence. The search was widened to Edinburgh,
because we knew of links between Jerdon
and Jardine, and to Cambridge, where at
least some of Jardine’s library may
be found. The librarians at the Balfour & Newton
Library of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge
University rapidly found relevant material
and were extremely helpful.
While we have seen no evidence of
a dated pre-print and no evidence of the
advance distribution of a separate, the
evidence in Cambridge takes the form of
a book that is through paginated and includes
the first, but not the second Supplement.
Including the Supplement and the errata,
this book contains 203 pages, and the pages
cited by Gray (1848a, b, c) agree with
this book. The book has its own title page.
This shows that it was produced in
‘Madras’ by ‘J.B. Pharoah’ ‘MDCCCXXXIX’.
An unnumbered page or end paper says ‘From
the Madras Journal of Literature & Science Nos.
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 & 30’.
This, of course, demonstrates that the
1839 date on the title page is wrong. It
also leaves us without a valid date of
publication, unless we draw on secondary
sources. Despite the assertion in 1844
by the Editors of the Madras Journal
of Literature & Science it is
clear that Jerdon did publish his supplement – in
book form (we refer to this hereafter as
the book). The title page shows the printers
to have been the
‘Athenæum Press – R.
Hosie, Printer’ and one can but conclude
that J.B. Pharoah acted as Jerdon’s
publisher. In these circumstances, the
date 1839 is quite evidently wrong and
Article 21.2 of the Code allows for ‘evidence
to the contrary’.
Apart from through-pagination and
a smaller type face, the book differs by
including an opening section of 24 pages
entitled
‘A synoptical table of contents’ which
was evidently prepared specially for this
work. On the evidence assembled we conclude
that the editors of the Madras Journal deceived
themselves and their readers in stating
that Jerdon’s supplement although
distributed had not been published. Nonetheless,
it may have been agreed between them and
Jerdon that the supplement in the journal
should be considered to be the first publication
and such an agreement may have led to the
editorial note. Jerdon never contested
the note; but Jerdon (1863) did not use
Blyth’s name for what he had called Megalurus
striatus. Most of Blyth’s related
comments and actions are consistent with
this understanding, but not all are: he
immediately recognised that Dasyornis ? locustelloides Blyth
was simply Megalurus striatus Jerdon.
Therefore, in accordance with the
Code and the need for a consistent date
for all new names in this work, we consider
that the editors’ comments must be
discarded. Stability is best served by
using the date 1841 and not 1844.
In evidence we put forward the date
1841 cited with appropriate pagination
by Gray. Blyth’s footnote, quoted
above, provides but limited extra support
showing that in early 1842 what must have
been the book was already in his hands.
It is curious that we have not located
the copy that Gray must have used. However
two copies have now been found in Cambridge
and we now provide details.
Copies of the
through-paginated book, in whole or in
part
The first copy (‘Newton’s
copy’) found was a bound volume with
inserted interleaving on which some unidentified
resident of Ceylon has made notes. By 1860
this copy was already in the hands of Alfred
Newton (as evidenced by a notation in the
copy), and may have already been cut down
in dimensions to 133 mm. x 206 mm. and
bound or perhaps rebound. This is the one
copy we have found with continuous pagination
right through to the end of the Supplement;
however it begins with (pp. i-xxiv) a ‘Synoptical
Table of Contents for the Birds of the
Peninsula of India’
which never appeared in the journal.
The second copy (‘Jardine’s
copy’), with page dimensions of 140
mm x 225 mm., is bound with other Jerdon
papers and is incomplete. It contains pp.
1-140 through-paginated, then from the
journal comes a title page for the 1840
issue, number 28, which began with the
15 page fifth part of Jerdon’s catalogue
– originally paginated [1]-15 – and
a title page of issue 29 which held the
sixth part – originally paginated
[193]-227, and finally a copy of the Synoptical
Table mentioned above. This volume, which
came from the Strickland library, shows
Pharaoh’s title page which was inscribed
for, and sent to, Sir William Jardine by
Jerdon (but sadly Jerdon did not date this
inscription). Jardine evidently passed
on this copy to his son-in-law Hugh Strickland.
Strickland died tragically in 1853, run
over by a train while examining the geology
of a railway cutting, and his bird collection
was presented to the University of Cambridge
in 1867 (Benson, 1999). His library seems
to have reached Cambridge later, partly
in 1875 and partly in 1881 (C. Castle,
in litt.), both dates after Jardine’s
death. The fact that a distribution took
place first of pp. 1-140 and later of the
rest (including the Supplement) suggests
to us that the book was not bound by J.B.
Pharoah before its final distribution.
We have found nothing in the literature
before 1842 that might suggest when the
first 140 pages were distributed but it
seems likely this happened in late 1839
or in 1840. We have also scanned the Indian
journals of the day for a notice of publication
or a review, but we have traced neither.
With the exception of the Synopsis all
these pages appeared in through-paginated
form after they had appeared in the Madras
Journal.
We now know of a third copy, and
of what may be a fourth. Mrs. F.E. Warr,
alerted to our search, remembered an instance
where a ‘Jerdon MS’ was offered
to The Natural History Museum, London,
from the library of J.G. van Marle, when
this was put up for sale by A.L. van Gendt & Co.
BV, in 1980, and she found museum notes
about this. A reference in the Gendt sale
catalogue mentioned a copy in the McGill
Library, Montreal, listed by Casey Wood
(1931).
Enquiries of the Librarian in Montreal,
show that this copy, now in what is called
the Blacker-Wood Library of Biology, is
a mixed set lacking the supplement but
beginning with the 1839 title page. The
set comprises 140 pages continuously numbered
plus separates or reprints from Madras
Journal issues 28 and 29, with pagination
as in the journal. This third copy, which
essentially matches the ‘Jardine’ copy
in Cambridge, once belonged to Thomas Horsfield.
It can be seen from page numbers cited
by Horsfield
& Moore (1854) – see Table 1 – that
they referred to it erratically and apparently
without fully understanding how it differed
from the original parts. As this copy
did not include the Supplement one would
expect all their citations to refer to
the journal in 1844. This is true although
there is one case where, probably due
to a typographic error, they cite a page
number that would be right for the 1841
book.
The van Marle holding is probably
a fourth copy. It was not sold at auction;
The Natural History Museum rejected the
proposed purchase from van Gendt & Co.,
seeing no special significance in the work
offered. This, the book once in their hands,
was probably sold later by van Gendt’s
antiquarian bookshop, but no record of
the sale can be traced (R. de Ruiter in
litt.).
We believe a fifth copy was once
in Gray’s hands. Finally, Elliot
(1873) listed Jerdon’s major works
as including a ‘Catalogue of
the Birds of the Peninsula of India,
8vo. Madras: J.B. Pharoah, 1839, pp. 203’.
Sir Walter Elliot was a friend of Jerdon
of many years standing. He had been present
at the meeting in Madras in August 1841
where the printing of issue 30 of the Madras
Journal was postponed (Anon., 1844),
and it is more than likely that Elliot
had his own copy. Blyth must have had a
copy, which may have survived in Calcutta.
It seems clear that Baker never saw
the book (see Table 1).
The printing and
distribution of Jerdon’s book
The McGill (Horsfield) and Jardine
copies clearly suggest that printing of
the through-paginated book was not a single
exercise.
It began with the first 140 pages
(or with a smaller part
– as hinted at by the retention of
the date 1839 on the title page) and, as
exemplified by the Newton copy, was completed
through one or more additional printings
of the pages from 141 to the end. We shall
be interested to hear of any other copies
that exist, and how they are made up, as
we still have no idea of the size of the
print run.
We note with interest that it appears
that neither Jardine nor Horsfield received
pages numbered 141-203. Elliot (1873) reported
that Jerdon was ‘deficient in habits
of order and method’
(p. 151) and that his regimental movements
combined with ‘habitual carelessness’ led
to the loss or destruction of specimens
(p. 150). We thus assume that Jerdon kept
no record of those to whom he had sent
pages 1-140 and that he was indifferent
to whether they received these pages or
not, so that some of his correspondents
received regular separates from the journal
instead.
The specific case
of Chaetornis striatus (Jerdon,
1841)
The case that causes us
to recommend the uniform adoption of the
date 1841 for Jerdon’s first ‘Supplement’,
in its book form, is that of Megalurus? striatus Jerdon,
1841. In the 1844 Supplement this appeared
on page 169. In the book it appears on
p. 198. It is the latter page number, together
with the date 1841 that Gray (1848a: 165)
cited when erecting the genus Chaetornis with
this as his type species.
Blyth (1842c, p. 602) described the
same species, based not on Jerdon’s
material but on a specimen obtained ‘in
the bazaar’, as Dasyornis ? locustelloides.
Before letting this go to print Blyth added
a footnote reading ‘It is, I now
find, the Megalurus ? striatus of
Mr. Jerdon’s Supplement, a single
specimen having been procured by that naturalist
in the Neilgherries’. Horsfield & Moore
(1854: 330) called it Chaëtornis
striatus Jerdon, 1841; Jerdon (1863:
72) used Chætornis striatus.
However, Oates (1889: 388) called it Chætornis
locustelloides Blyth, 1842, and listed
Jerdon’s name from its eventual 1844
publication in the Journal. So did Baker
(1924: 438), but later (1930a: 179; 1930b:
640) he reverted to Chaetornis striatus (Jerdon,
1841), writing that this antedated locustelloides Blyth.
But our review suggests that Baker made
no attempt to correct to 1841 the dates
of other names from the Supplement. And
the present inconsistent state of affairs
is due to later authors (e.g. Ripley, 1961,
1982) simply following Baker (1930).
Other names historically
not always dated 1844
The names Buteo punctatus and Bulaca
monticola appear in synonymy in Hodgson
(1843) where they were introduced by Blyth
with reference to Jerdon’s Supplement.
As their placements in synonymy may be
construed as providing ‘indications’
it could be argued that these two names
should be credited to Blyth in Hodgson,
1843, as was suggested for the second of
these names by Baker (1930a: 379). Accepting
that Jerdon’s Supplement was published
within the 1841 book removes any need to
account for these entries in synonymy by
awarding them priority with Blyth as the
author.
No other names proposed by Jerdon
(1841) for species pose problems. In no
case does advancing their date from 1844
to 1841 affect stability (see right hand
column Table 1).
Acknowledgements
Most grateful thanks are extended
to all the librarians who have helped us:
Jane Acred (Cambridge), Clair Castle (Cambridge),
Paul Cooper (The Natural History Museum,
South Kensington, London), Sarah Dallman
(National Museums of Scotland), Ronald
de Ruiter (National Museum of Natural History
of the Netherlands, Leiden), Alison Harding
and Effie Warr (The Natural History Museum,
Tring) and Eleanor Maclean (Montreal) for
their help. This work would not have reached
a conclusion without their searches, findings
and contributions. We should also like
to thank Bob McGowan (National Museums
of Scotland) and Mrs. Kathleen Tansley
(Berwickshire Naturalists' Club) for their
assistance with our investigations relating
to the ‘Elliot copy’.
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